On Yom HaShoah and a week before Yom Ha’Atzmaut, Professor Wiesel addresses fear and hope from a historical and contemporary perspective. In particular, Professor Wiesel speaks of the relationship between the Shoah and the State of Israel. He questions whether the Shoah would have happened had Israel existed and whether Israel would exist had there been no Shoah. To both, he answers with a resolute no, but penetrates the connection between the two events not just chronologically, but philosophically. Ultimately, Professor Wiesel prefers to credit the establishment of the Jewish State to the Jewish people who always kept Jewish memory and hope alive. Professor Wiesel insists also on taking present threats against Israel and the Jewish people seriously. Those who reject the existence of the Holocaust of the past, want a Holocaust in the future. Professor Wiesel concludes with two personal stories: his fear in Auschwitz that he was witnessing the end of Jewish history and his hopes when witnessing the Old City of Jerusalem in 1967. Jewish history did not end in Auschwitz but found the secret of beginning again.